As we know, computers today have progressed greatly over thousands of years. From the first counting and adding machine to the use of paper memory, computers continue to grow with technology.
Present Computer
Present Computer Humans
-the earliest counting was with our fingers, we are easily learn on how to count on just simple counting numbers.
Abacus
- the oldest known form of computing. And the oldest surviving abacus was discovered in 300 B.C.
- users moved beads to perform calculations to be easily identified the numbers.
Pascaline
- the first digital computer
- used hand-spun mechanical wheels to input numbers then outputted them as the answer
- invented by Blaise Pascal
Step Reckoner
- invented by Gottfried Leibniz as an improvement on Pascal’s machine.
Difference Engine
- a mechanical calculator that operated automatically.
- Invented by Charles Babbage.
Analytical Engine
- first fully automatic calculating machine constructed by British computing pioneer Charles Babbage.
-The input( programs and data) was to be provided to the machine via punched cards.
- for output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell.
- also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later.
- can store data in the memory and performs logical comparison.
Punched Cards
- Herman Hollerith created the first punched card machine in 1890, more than a hundred years ago.
-machines used punched cards to read data and store for future use.
The 1st Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
-Big and clumsy
-Electricity consumption is high
-Electronic failure occurred regularly
-Not very reliable
-Large air conditioners was necessary because the computers -generated heat
-Batch processing
-Solves problems one at a time
-Used vacuum tubes magnetic drums for memory
-Rely on punch cards for storage
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
-Made in 1942 as a means of calculating weapon trajectory in WW II.
-Used vacuum tubes and 1,800 sq. ft of space and 180,00 watts of electricity.
The 1st Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
Characteristics of 1st Generation Computers
-Big and clumsy
-Electricity consumption is high
-Electronic failure occurred regularly
-Not very reliable
-Large air conditioners was necessary because the computers -generated heat
-Batch processing
-Solves problems one at a time
-Used vacuum tubes magnetic drums for memory
-Rely on punch cards for storage
ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator)
-Made in 1942 as a means of calculating weapon trajectory in WW II.
-Used vacuum tubes and 1,800 sq. ft of space and 180,00 watts of electricity.
-Considered as the first high- speed computer.
-Its design and construction were financed by the United States Army during WW II.
-First used in the calculations of hydrogen bombs conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.
-Computers 1900 addition per second.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
-1st Commercial Computer
-First intended for the Bureau of Census which paid for much of the development and then was out of production.
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
-1st Commercial Computer
-First intended for the Bureau of Census which paid for much of the development and then was out of production.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)
-Addition time was 864 microseconds (2.9 milliseconds).
-Addition time was 864 microseconds (2.9 milliseconds).
-Had almost 6,000 vacuum tubes
-Was installed in Building 328 at the Ballistics Research Laboratory.
-Was installed in Building 328 at the Ballistics Research Laboratory.
Mark I
ASCC (Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator)
-Developed by IBM and Howard Aiken
-Electro-mechanical computer
-Could do three additions or subtractions in a second. A multiplication took six seconds, a division took 15.3 seconds, and a logarithm or a trigonometric function took over one minute.
- Very reliable, much more so than early electronic computers.
-Developed by IBM and Howard Aiken
-Electro-mechanical computer
-Could do three additions or subtractions in a second. A multiplication took six seconds, a division took 15.3 seconds, and a logarithm or a trigonometric function took over one minute.
- Very reliable, much more so than early electronic computers.
The 2nd Generation (1956-1963) Transistors
Characteristics
-Smaller
-No warm- up time
-Lass energy
-Less heat
-Faster
-More reliable
-Uses binary tape
-Uses magnetic core
Characteristics
-Smaller
-No warm- up time
-Lass energy
-Less heat
-Faster
-More reliable
-Uses binary tape
-Uses magnetic core
Magnetic Core Memory
-AJ Wang created a system of storing computer memory on magnetic disks in 1949. The disks could be polarized one way or the other and store larger amounts of data.
1 transistor = 40 vacuum tubes
-Could be stored the computer’s memory itself which was another great advantage.
-As this time of second generation computers many high level programming languages were developed such as Common Business- Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Transistor (FORTRAN) which are still used for some application of modern computers.
-AJ Wang created a system of storing computer memory on magnetic disks in 1949. The disks could be polarized one way or the other and store larger amounts of data.
1 transistor = 40 vacuum tubes
-Could be stored the computer’s memory itself which was another great advantage.
-As this time of second generation computers many high level programming languages were developed such as Common Business- Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Transistor (FORTRAN) which are still used for some application of modern computers.
UNIVAC III
-Used primarily by business, university, and government.
1963, Mini- computer: PDP-8
-The first successful minicomputer
-As large as a fridge and used transistors and magnetic core memory.
1964L Real-time reservation system
-IBM developed a real-time computerized ticket reservation system for American Airways
-Smaller than SAGE and was called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment).
-Used primarily by business, university, and government.
1963, Mini- computer: PDP-8
-The first successful minicomputer
-As large as a fridge and used transistors and magnetic core memory.
1964L Real-time reservation system
-IBM developed a real-time computerized ticket reservation system for American Airways
-Smaller than SAGE and was called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment).
The 3rd Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits
-Used SILICON CHIPS called SEMI- CONDUCTORS
-Increased speed and efficiency use keyboard, mouse, OS and applications
-Reliability, Compactness, Low- cost
-Power consumption lower
-High- level languages appeared
-Used SILICON CHIPS called SEMI- CONDUCTORS
-Increased speed and efficiency use keyboard, mouse, OS and applications
-Reliability, Compactness, Low- cost
-Power consumption lower
-High- level languages appeared
Integrated Circuits
-Contains of hundreds of thousands of micro- miniature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors, packed and interconnected in layers beneath the surface.
1 semi- conductor chip = millions of transistors
-Contains of hundreds of thousands of micro- miniature electronic circuit components, mainly transistors, packed and interconnected in layers beneath the surface.
1 semi- conductor chip = millions of transistors
IBM (International Business Machine Corp.)
-Specifically designed to handle high- speed data processing for scientific applications.
-Estimated that each day in use, the model 91, would solve more than 1,000 problems involving about 200 billion calculations.
-16.6 million additions a second
-Specifically designed to handle high- speed data processing for scientific applications.
-Estimated that each day in use, the model 91, would solve more than 1,000 problems involving about 200 billion calculations.
-16.6 million additions a second
The 4th Generation (1971 to Present) Microprocessors
-Integrated circuits, smaller and faster
-Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed
-Integrated circuits, smaller and faster
-Micro computer series such as IBM and APPLE developed
-Great development in data communication
-Different types of secondary memory with high storage capacity and fast access developed
-Intel developed the first microprocessor- a CPU on a microchip. It was called the 4004 and consisted of 2,250 transistors capable of processing 4 bits at a rate of 60,000 transactions/ second.
Intel 4004
-Was made in 1993, the first microprocessor
-It held 2,250 transistors (many of today’s household computers have over 400 million).
Graphical User Interface
-Were added in the 1980s to add an easier environment for the user.
So now, we already know how the computer start was until it grew and had so many advantages and improvements to us.
